What is the typical heart rate range generated by the sinoatrial (SA) node in beats per minute (bpm)?
- 60 to 100 bpm (correct)
- 40 to 80 bpm
- 50 to 90 bpm
- 70 to 110 bpm
What part of the cardiac conduction system directly precedes the Purkinje fibers in the sequence of electrical impulse transmission?
- Bundle of His
- Right and Left Bundle Branches (correct)
- AV node
- Right atrium
What is the physiological consequence of electrical impulse conduction to the Purkinje fibers?
- Atrial contraction
- SA node inhibition
- AV node stimulation
- Ventricular contraction (correct)
In the cardiac cycle, what physiological process does the term 'depolarization' refer to?
<p>Contraction (A)</p>
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In an electrocardiogram (ECG), what does the T wave represent?
<p>Ventricular repolarization (B)</p>
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How many different views of the heart's electrical activity does a standard 12-lead ECG provide?
<p>12 (C)</p>
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In which lead is continuous ECG monitoring often conducted to observe upright waveforms?
<p>Lead II (D)</p>
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Which coronary artery is associated with the anterior wall of the heart in an ECG?
<p>Left Anterior Descending Artery (LAD) (C)</p>
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If five small boxes are measured on ECG paper, how much time has elapsed?
<p>0.20 seconds (B)</p>
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On ECG graph paper, what does the vertical axis measure?
<p>Amplitude (D)</p>
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What does the isoelectric line on an ECG represent?
<p>No electrical activity (D)</p>
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What does the P wave represent in the cardiac cycle?
<p>Atrial depolarization (D)</p>
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What is the normal duration range for the PR interval, reflecting the time it takes for the impulse to travel from the SA node to the Purkinje system?
<p>0.12 to 0.20 seconds (A)</p>
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In the QRS complex, what does the 'R' wave signify?
<p>First upward deflection (D)</p>
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What is the normal duration of the QRS interval, measured from the beginning to the end of the QRS complex?
<p>0.06 to 0.10 second (B)</p>
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What cardiac condition is typically associated with ST segment depression on an ECG?
<p>Ischemia (B)</p>
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Following the QRS complex, what does an inverted T wave typically indicate?
<p>Cardiac ischemia (A)</p>
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What is the normal range for the QT interval in seconds?
<p>0.34 to 0.43 (A)</p>
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When interpreting a cardiac rhythm, what is the first step in the six-step process?
<p>Assess the Regularity of Rhythm (B)</p>
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If a regular heart rhythm has 10 small squares between two R waves, what is the heart rate?
<p>150 bpm (C)</p>
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In a normal sinus rhythm, which of the following characteristics applies?
<p>Rounded P wave before each QRS complex (A)</p>
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Which of the following best defines how arrhythmias are classified?
<p>By the site of origin and effect on rate/rhythm (B)</p>
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In sinus bradycardia, what is the typical heart rate?
<p>Less than 60 bpm (B)</p>
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A patient is diagnosed with symptomatic sinus bradycardia. Which medication might be considered?
<p>Atropine (B)</p>
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What is one of the primary actions of atropine?
<p>Increasing heart rate (D)</p>
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What is the heart rate range that defines sinus tachycardia?
<p>101 to 180 bpm (B)</p>
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Which medication is commonly used in the treatment of unstable supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)?
<p>Adenosine (D)</p>
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Which characteristic is most indicative of premature atrial contractions (PACs)?
<p>Early beat with an abnormal P wave shape (B)</p>
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Which ECG characteristic is most indicative of atrial flutter?
<p>F waves with a sawtooth pattern (A)</p>
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Which of the following ECG characteristics is associated with atrial fibrillation?
<p>Irregular rhythm with no discernible P waves (B)</p>
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A patient with atrial fibrillation is prescribed warfarin. What is the primary goal of this medication?
<p>Reducing the risk of thrombus/stroke (C)</p>
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What should patients taking amiodarone be cautioned to avoid?
<p>Grapefruit juice (B)</p>
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Which clinical manifestation is indicative of ventricular fibrillation?
<p>Unconsciousness and pulselessness (A)</p>
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A patient in ventricular tachycardia becomes pulseless. According to ACLS protocols, what is the priority intervention?
<p>Initiating CPR and defibrillation (D)</p>
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What electrolyte imbalances can cause ventricular fibrillation?
<p>Hyperkalemia and hypomagnesemia (D)</p>
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Which of the following best describes the ECG characteristics of asystole?
<p>Absence of electrical activity (A)</p>
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A patient in asystole is unresponsive. What is the initial therapeutic intervention based on ACLS guidelines?
<p>CPR (B)</p>
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What is the purpose of a cardiac pacemaker?
<p>To generate an electrical impulse when the heart's conduction is compromised (C)</p>
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What is defibrillation?
<p>A delivery of unsynchronized countershock to the heart (A)</p>
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What action should the nurse perform prior to defibrillation?
<p>Place paddles firmly against the chest (B)</p>
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What type of arrhythmias is synchronized cardioversion used for?
<p>Arrhythmias when an R wave is present (D)</p>
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What is a key function of an automated external defibrillator (AED)?
<p>Automatically analyzes rhythms (A)</p>
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Ineffective tissue perfusion is most related to which diagnosis?
<p>Decreased cardiac output (B)</p>
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What is the primary function of the AV node in the cardiac conduction system?
<p>Delaying the electrical impulse to allow the atria to contract completely. (C)</p>
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How does the electrical impulse travel after it leaves the AV node?
<p>To the Bundle of His, then the left and right bundle branches. (B)</p>
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What physiological event is directly caused by the conduction of the electrical impulse to the Purkinje fibers?
<p>Ventricular contraction. (B)</p>
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Which of the following is the correct sequence of cardiac electrical activity?
<p>SA node -> AV node -> Bundle of His -> Bundle Branches -> Purkinje fibers (B)</p>
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Which term describes the contraction of the heart muscle?
<p>Depolarization (A)</p>
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Which term describes the relaxation of the heart muscle?
<p>Repolarization (B)</p>
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If a patient's ECG shows changes in the ST segment, which cardiac event is most likely affected?
<p>Ventricular repolarization (C)</p>
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What can cause an inverted T wave on an ECG?
<p>Cardiac ischemia. (C)</p>
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What is the significance of the isoelectric line on an ECG?
<p>It represents the baseline when there is no electrical activity. (A)</p>
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What cardiac event is reflected by the P wave on an ECG?
<p>Atrial depolarization (C)</p>
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What does the QRS complex represent?
<p>Ventricular depolarization (C)</p>
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What does the T wave represent?
<p>Ventricular repolarization (D)</p>
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What is the duration of one small box on ECG paper?
<p>0.04 seconds (A)</p>
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What is the duration of five small boxes on an ECG paper?
<p>0.20 seconds (C)</p>
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What is the normal duration of the QRS interval?
<p>0.06-0.10 seconds (B)</p>
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Which coronary artery is associated with leads V1 and V2 of the heart in an ECG?
<p>Left Anterior Descending Artery (D)</p>
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Which coronary artery is associated with leads II, III, and aVF of the heart in an ECG?
<p>Right Coronary Artery (D)</p>
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Which coronary artery is associated with leads aVL, I, V5, and V6 of the heart in an ECG?
<p>Left Circumflex Artery (A)</p>
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In the six-step process of cardiac rhythm interpretation, what is the second step?
<p>Heart rate (A)</p>
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In the six-step process of cardiac rhythm interpretation, what is the third step?
<p>P wave (A)</p>
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According to the rules of normal sinus rhythm, what characteristic best describes it?
<p>Regular rhythm. (D)</p>
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According to the rules of normal sinus rhythm, what is the normal range for the heart rate?
<p>60 to 100 bpm. (A)</p>
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According to the rules of normal sinus rhythm, what best describes the P wave?
<p>Rounded, one before each QRS. (D)</p>
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What is a primary characteristic of arrhythmias?
<p>Rhythm disturbances. (A)</p>
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How can arrhythmias be classified?
<p>By the site of origin and effect on rate/rhythm. (D)</p>
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What is a key characteristic of sinus bradycardia?
<p>Heart rate less than 60 bpm. (D)</p>
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What are key characteristics of sinus bradycardia?
<p>Regular rhythm, HR < 60 bpm, Rounded P waves before each QRS, Normal PR & QRS Interval (B)</p>
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What effect does atropine have on the body?
<p>Increases heart rate, bronchodilation, and decreases respiratory secretions. (D)</p>
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What are common signs and symptoms of sinus tachycardia?
<p>Chest pain, palpitations, dyspnea, tachypnea (B)</p>
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What is the classification of Adenosine?
<p>Antiarrhythmic (D)</p>
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What is indication of Adenosine?
<p>Unstable tachycardia. (D)</p>
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What rhythm does premature atrial contraction (PAC) interrupt?
<p>Underlying rhythm (C)</p>
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What therapeutic interventions are commonly used for premature atrial contraction (PAC)?
<p>Holter monitor, treat cause, and Beta Blockers. (D)</p>
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What best describes the P waves for atrial flutter?
<p>F waves, Sawtooth Pattern (D)</p>
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What best describes the P-R interval for atrial flutter?
<p>Non measurable (C)</p>
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What might a patient with rapid ventricular rate atrial flutter present with?
<p>Palpitations, Angina, Dyspnea (D)</p>
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What is the pattern of atrial rate in atrial fibrillation?
<p>Rapid and chaotic (C)</p>
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What best describes the P waves for atrial fibrillation?
<p>No Identifiable P Waves (B)</p>
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What is a therapeutic class of drugs used to slow the ventricular response in atrial fibrillation patients?
<p>Digoxin and Beta Blockers or Calcium Channel Blockers (C)</p>
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What does Warfarin (Coumadin) due for Atrial Fibrillation patients?
<p>Reduce thrombus/stroke risk (C)</p>
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What should a patient taking Amiodarone avoid?
<p>Grapefruit juice (B)</p>
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In the setting of cardiac arrhythmias, which of the following is the purpose of defibrillation?
<p>To stop all electrical activity of heart by delivering an unsynchronized countershock. (A)</p>
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Following a synchronized cardioversion procedure, a patient exhibits a sinus bradycardia rhythm with a heart rate of 50 bpm. Considering the interventions for managing sinus bradycardia, which of the following actions should the nurse prioritize?
<p>Administering atropine per protocol to increase the heart rate. (A)</p>
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A patient with a history of atrial fibrillation is prescribed amiodarone. Besides monitoring for QT prolongation, which of the following should the patient be specifically cautioned to avoid while taking this medication, considering potential interactions?
<p>Grapefruit juice. (C)</p>
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During the evaluation of a patient's ECG, an absence of P waves is noted, along with an irregular R-R interval and a ventricular rate of 120 bpm. Which of the following arrhythmias is most likely responsible for these ECG findings?
<p>Atrial fibrillation. (C)</p>
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A patient is diagnosed with ventricular tachycardia (VT) and is hemodynamically stable. Considering the pharmacological interventions for stable VT, which of the following medications is typically administered first-line?
<p>Amiodarone (D)</p>
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The ECG of a patient shows a series of wide QRS complexes occurring prematurely without preceding P waves. The underlying rhythm is interrupted by these complexes, and the QRS interval for these beats measures 0.14 seconds. Which of the following arrhythmias is most consistent with this description?
<p>Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) (D)</p>
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